1

Honorific Prefix

Both おすし and おさしみ have the polite prefix お. Adding before certain nouns makes the speech sound softer and more polite. However, not all nouns can take お. Common examples include おさかな (fish) and おみず ([cold] water).
2

Combining Nouns with vs.

The particles and are used to combine two or more nouns (e.g., おすしとおさしみ, おすしやおさしみ They are used only with nouns and cannot be used to connect verbs or adjectives. The particle functions as an “exclusive AND.” X と Y means X and Y (and nothing else). In contrast, functions as an “inclusive AND.” X や Y means X and Y (and possibly other items). When ordering food at a restaurant, you should use , as in XとYをください. If you say XやYをください, it sounds as if your order is incomplete, so you will likely be asked ほかには? (“Anything else?”).
テニス と バスケットボールが すきです。 I like tennis and basketball (and nothing else). テニスや バスケットボールが すきです。 I like tennis and basketball (among others).
3

な-Adjectives すき & きらい

Both すき and きらい are -adjectives. すき means someone likes (something). きらい means someone dislikes (something). The negative forms of すきです and きらいです are すきじゃありません and きらいじゃありません, respectively. The object of likes and dislikes is marked by the particle .

Xが すきです I like X.
Yが きらいです。 I dislike Y.
The direct object of negative predicate is commonly marked by the particle .
Xは すきじゃありません I don't like X.
Yは きらいじゃありません。 I don't dislike Y.

We will learn more about -adjectives later.

4

Xは~、Yは~: Contrastive

Earlier, we learned that the particle refers to the topic of a sentence. We also learned that is often used in answering negatively to a Yes-No question. This particle has a another function of marking contrasts. For example, in the following sentences contrasting elements (e.g., something you like vs. something you dislike) are marked by . The particle replaces the particles and (and ), but it is added to other particles. (Caution: in the middle column is a connective ( = but), not the subject marker . けど is an informal form of the connective .) FYI: Note

replaces
てんぷらが すきです。 + さしみが きらいです。
てんぷらは すきです が、 or けど、 さしみは きらいです。
田中さんが きます。 + スミスさんは きません。
田中さんは きます が、 or けど、 スミスさんは きません。
replaces
こうちゃを のみます。 + コーヒーを のみません。
こうちゃは のみます が、 or けど、 コーヒーは のみません。
is added to
日本に あります。 + アメリカに ありません。
日本には あります が、 or けど、 アメリカには ありません。
is added to
うちで たべます。 + がっこうで たべません。
うちでは たべます が、 or けど、 がっこうでは たべません。

In Type 1 location expressions below, when B replies negatively, replaces が. Here, B-1/B-2 implies a contrast (the second function of the particle B1 says The bathroom is not there (but something else may be there). (In Japan, typically, bathrooms and toilets are separate. バスルーム is where you bathe and トイレ is a room with the toilet facilities without any bathing facilities.) B-2 says Ms. Smith is not in her apartment (but someone else may be there). Optionally, can be used in affirmative sentences as in トイレは あります (Toilet (in contrast) is there) or たなかさんは います (Ms. Tanaka (in contrast) is there) when contrast is clearly intended.

Type 1 Location Subject or Subject あります います
A-1: へや バスルーム ありますか。 Is there a bathroom in the room?
B-1: バスルーム ありません。 There isn't.
あります。 A toilet (in contrast) is there.
A-2: アパート スミスさん いますか。 Is Ms. Smith in her apartment?
B-2: スミスさん いません。 Ms. Smith is not there.
たなかさん います。 Ms. Tanaka (in contrast) is there.

In Type 2 location expressions below, when B replies negatively (B-3/B-4),is added to . Here, B-3/B-4 implies a contrast (the second function of the particle . B-3 says cafeteria is not on the first floor (but it may be on some other floor). B-4 says Ms. Smith is not in her apartment (but she may be at somewhere else). Optionally, the contrastive particle can be added in affirmative sentences as in 2かいには あります (It's on the second floor (in contrast)) or がっこうには います (Ms. Smith may be at school (in contrast)) when contrast is clearly intended.

Type 2 Topic Locationor Locationには あります います
A-3: カフェテリアは いっかいに ありますか。 Is cafeteria on the first floor?
B-3: いっかいには ありません。 It's not there.
2かいに or 2かいには あります。 It is on the second floor.
A-4: スミスさんは アパートに いますか。 Is Ms. Smith in her apartment?
B-4: アパートには いません。 She is not in her apartment.
がっこうに or がっこうには います。 She is at school.
5

どんなN

どんな is a question word that means What kind of. どんな おんがく means What kind of music. どんな りょうり means What kind of food.

QW N
どんな おんがく what kind of music?
どんな りょうり what kind of food
6

Echo Questions

In Dialogue 2, Kawasaki’s response おんがくですか is an example of an echo question. An echo question repeats all or part of the original question in the Xですか form (roughly, “You mean X?” or “Is that what you’re asking about?”). In conversation, echo questions are often used as a speech filler to buy time before giving an answer or to confirm what was just said. It is also common to use expressions such as わたしですか (“You mean me?” or “Are you asking me?”) as echo questions.

A: かわさきさんは おんがくが すきですか。 Do you like music?
B-1: おんがく ですか。 You mean "music"?
B-2: わたし ですか。 You are asking me?
A: かわさきさんは、あした がっこうに いきますか。 Do you go to school tomorrow, Mr. Kawasaki?
B-1: がっこう ですか。 You mean "school"?
B-2: あした ですか。 You mean "tomorrow"?
B-3: わたし ですか。 You are asking me?
7

Particle

The particle adds the meaning “also” or “too” to the noun it marks (e.g., “I, too, listen to jazz”). It replaces the particles が, を, and but it is added to other particles such as に, と, and で. Study how and function in the examples below.

and replace and . and are added to other particles.
てんぷらが すきです。 どようびに

いきます。

さしみ すきです。 にちようびに いきます。
にくは きらいです。 げつようびには いきません。

たなかさんが きます。 にほんで します。
スミスさん きます。 ちゅうごくで します。

やまださんは

きません。

アメリカでは しません。

こうちゃを

のみます。 12じから あります。
コーヒー のみます。 1じから あります。
ワインは のみません。 2じからは ありません。

When there is no other particle (e.g., relative time expression), (or ) is just added.

きょう いきます。 + あした いきます。 Converts to きょう いきます。あした いきます。 Converts to きょう あした いきます。
きょう します。 + あしたは しません。 Converts to きょう しますが、あした しません。

Usage examples follow. If one answers negatively (いいえ) to Xも、Y~ (Both X and Y...) questions, it often takes the contrastive Xは~けど、Yは~ pattern as shown below.

A: どこで よく宿題(しゅくだい)をしますか。

B: 家でも、としょかんでも します。

A: だれに あいますか。

B: 田中先生にも、よしだ先生にも あいます。

A: 日本()のクラスは 火曜(かよう)にも水曜(すいよう) にも ありますか。

B: いいえ、火曜には ありますけど、水曜には ありません。

8

Question Word だれ

In Japanese, when you ask a すき or きらい question using だれ (who), it can be a little tricky because the meaning changes depending on what information is missing from the sentence.

だれが すきですか (Who do you like?): This sentence makes sense when you are already talking about the thing you like is a person and that person is unknown.
だれが 田中さんが すきですか (Who likes Ms. Tanaka?): This sentence looks similar but means something very different. Someone likes Ms. Tanaka, but you don't know who. Note: Although seeing two particles may feel strange, this structure is natural in Japanese. Both すき and きらい behave like adjectives rather than verbs.
9

Xのなかで、~が・をいちばん~

いちばん means “number one” and is used to express the highest degree of liking. To ask a question such as “What/Who do you like the best among X?”, the following pattern is used.

List or Category QW いちばん すきです
ジャズの(なか) だれが いちばん すきですか。 Who do you like the most in jazz?
まついけいこが いちばん すきです。 I like Keiko Matsui the most.

By combining いちばん with an adjective, you can express the superlative, for example, いちばんいい (“the best”) and いちばんかんたん (“the easiest”). When talking about how often an activity is done, use よく (the adverbial -form of いい), as in いちばんよくする as shown below.

List or Category QW いちばん Adj
スポーツの(なか) なにが いちばん おもしろいですか。 Among sports, which is the most fun?
テニスが いちばん おもしろいです。 Tennis is the most interesting.
List or Category QW いちばん よく + Verb
メールと でんわと ラインの 中で どれを いちばん よくつかいますか。 Among email, phone and Line, which do you use the most often?
ラインを いちばん よくつかいます。 I use Line the most often.

The last question above gives a list of things to choose from. The particle is normally used to make the list.

10

Plain Form of Verb + の:V-ing/To V

In English, we can say “I like playing tennis more than watching tennis.” English allows verbs to function directly as objects of “like” by using “-ing” forms. Japanese works differently. In Japanese, すき behaves like an adjective, meaning “(something) is liked” or “(something) is preferred.” That means すき must describe a noun or noun phrase. So when we want to talk about liking an activity, we must first turn that activity into a “thing.” To convert a verb into a noun phrase, Japanese adds to the plain form of a verb. For example, きく is the plain form of the verb ききます. Thus, きくの is the noun phrase (“listening”) as shown below. cannot be added to the polite form (= ~ます form) of the verb.

ジャズをきく → ジャズをきくの: "listening to jazz"
ジャズをききます → ジャズをききますの [Ungrammatical]

To say "I like listening to jazz," we say ジャズを きくのが すきです as shown below.

Plain Verb
私は ジャズ を きく すきです。 I like listening to jazz.

There are three types of verbs in Japanese: 1. う-verbs, 2. る-verbs and 3. irregular verbs. The following are commonly-used plain forms of these verbs.

Polite Forms Plain Forms
-verbs かきます いきます かく いく write go
いそぎます およぎます いそぐ およぐ hurry swim
はなします だします はなす だす speak take out, submit
つくります とります あります つくる とる ある make take there is [inanimate]
つかいます いいます つかう いう use say
まちます もちます まつ もつ wait hold, have
のみます よびます しにます のむ よぶ しぬ drink call die

-verbs います みます たべます いる みる たべる is located [animate] see eat

irregular verbs きます します くる する come do
Let's now learn how to form the plain forms from ~ます verb endings.

10A: -Verbs

The ~ます form of a verb without ます is called the verb stem. Based on each verb stem, you can form a plain verb form of -verbs as follows.
If verb stem ends with change it to... Examples
…き

かきますConverts to かく

write Grammar Animation
…ぎ およぎますConverts to およぐ swim
…し はなしますConverts to はなす  speak
…り つくりますConverts to つくる make Grammar Animation
…い かいますConverts to かう buy
…ち まちますConverts to まつ wait
…み のみますConverts to のむ drink Grammar Animation
…び よびますConverts to よぶ call/summon
…に しにますConverts to しぬ die

Here is another way to look at the same changes. Polite う-verbs use the い-row (the second row) of the hiragana chart (e.g., いいます, かきます, はなします). Plain -verbs use the -row (the third row). This is illustrated in the following video.

10B: -Verbs

To form the plain form of -verbs, simply change ~ます to ~る.

Polite Plain
おきます Converts to おきる wake up
みます Converts to みる see/look/watch
たべます Converts to たべる eat
います Converts to いる be/stay
ねます Converts to ねる go to bed/lie down

10C: Irregular Verbs

There are only two irregular verbs: します and きます. The plain forms of these verbs are as follows:

Polite Plain
します Converts to する do
きます Converts to くる come
11

Xと Yとどちらのほうがすきですか

The following pattern is used to ask preferences between two choices. The question word どちら (which one [of the two]) is used instead of どれ (which one [of three or more]). のほう is optional. ほう means side. Particle must be used to list the choices. (Note that there is no "comparative" form of adjectives in Japanese.

X

Y

どちら(のほう) which (side)

ジャズと クラシックと どちら(のほう) すきですか。 Which do you like better --- jazz or classical music? 

This comparison structure can be used to talk about other things besides one's likes and dislikes as shown below. In this case, the particle may change to other particles (を, に, で, etc.) depending on the verbs and adjectives that follow it. If the question is about the frequency/quantity of something, the adjective よく may be used to clarify the question.

X

Y

どちら(のほう) which (side)
ジャズと ロックと どちらが おもしろいですか。 Which is more fun ---jazz or rock music?
ジャズと ロックと どちらを よく ききますか。 Which do you listen to more often--- jazz or rock music?
としょかんと うちと どちらで よく べんきょう しますか。 Which place do you study more often at --- the library or home?
12

Xより Y(のほう)がすきです/Xも Yも すきです

To answer the questions using どちら above, we use the following structure. The phrase Xより means than X. The phrase のほう in Yのほう is optional for nouns.

Xより Y(のほう)が
ジャズより クラシック(のほう)が すきです。  I like classical music more than jazz.
than jazz (the side of) classical music

If you don't have any preferences between the two choices, you can answer as follows:

X

Y

ジャズも クラシックも すきです。 I like classical music as well as jazz.

For other questions asking for the comparison of frequency or quantity of something, you can answer them in the following manner.

Xより Y(のほう)+P
ジャズより クラシックが おもしろいです。 Classical music is more fun than jazz.
ジャズより クラシックを よく ききます。 I listen to classical music more often than jazz.
としょかんより

うちで

よく します。 I do it more often at home than at the library.

The /Xより Y/ pattern can be used to compare activities by using the plain verb form+ like this:

V-ing-1 V-ing-2
ゴルフをみるのも ゴルフをするのも すきです。 I like watching golf as well as playing golf.

You can also compare your preference for one activity with another. When comparing activities using より and ほうが, Japanese often omits .

V-ingより V-ingほうが
ゴルフをみるより ゴルフをするほうが すきです。 I like playing golf more than watching golf.
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