Both おすし and おさしみ have the polite prefix お. Adding お before certain nouns makes the speech sound softer and more polite. However, not all nouns can take お. Common examples include おさかな (fish) and おみず ([cold] water).
The particles と and や are used to combine two or more nouns (e.g., おすしとおさしみ, おすしやおさしみ). They are used only with nouns and cannot be used to connect verbs or adjectives. The particle と functions as an “exclusive AND.” X と Y means X and Y (and nothing else). In contrast, や functions as an “inclusive AND.” X や Y means X and Y (and possibly other items). When ordering food at a restaurant, you should use と, as in XとYをください. If you say XやYをください, it sounds as if your order is incomplete, so you will likely be asked ほかには? (“Anything else?”).
テニス と バスケットボールが すきです。 I like tennis and basketball (and nothing else).テニスや バスケットボールが すきです。 I like tennis and basketball (among others).
Both すき and きらい are な-adjectives. すき means someone likes (something). きらい means someone dislikes (something). The negative forms
of すきです and きらいです are すきじゃありません and きらいじゃありません, respectively. The object of likes and dislikes is
marked by the particle が.
Xが すきです。
I like X.
Yが きらいです。
I dislike Y.
The direct object of negative predicate is commonly marked by the particle はわ.
Earlier, we learned that the particle はわ refers to the topic of a sentence. We also learned that はわ is often used in answering negatively to a Yes-No question. This particle has a another function of marking contrasts. For example, in the following sentences contrasting elements (e.g., something you like vs. something you dislike) are marked by はわ. The particle はわreplaces the particles が and を (and も), but it is added to other particles. (Caution: が in the middle column is a connective (が = but), not the subject marker が. けど is an informal form of the connective が.) FYI: The connective けど (or が) is often used in a conversation opener: メイトリックスをみましたけど、おもしろかったです。 "I watched The Matrix. It was interesting." See Lesson 8 for more information.
はわ replaces が
てんぷらが
すきです。
+
さしみが
きらいです。
てんぷらは
すきです
が、 or
けど、
さしみは
きらいです。
田中さんが
きます。
+
スミスさんは
きません。
田中さんは
きます
が、 or
けど、
スミスさんは
きません。
はわ replaces を
こうちゃを
のみます。
+
コーヒーを
のみません。
こうちゃは
のみます
が、 or
けど、
コーヒーは
のみません。
はわ is added to に
日本に
あります。
+
アメリカに
ありません。
日本には
あります
が、 or
けど、
アメリカには
ありません。
はわ is added to で
うちで
たべます。
+
がっこうで
たべません。
うちでは
たべます
が、 or
けど、
がっこうでは
たべません。
In Type 1 location expressions below, when B replies negatively, はわreplaces が. Here, B-1/B-2 implies a contrast (the second function of the particle は.わ B1 says The bathroom is not there (but something else may be there). (In Japan, typically, bathrooms and toilets are separate. バスルーム is where you bathe and トイレ is a room with the toilet facilities without any bathing facilities.) B-2 says Ms. Smith is not in her apartment (but someone else may be there). Optionally, はわ can be used in affirmative sentences as in トイレは あります (Toilet (in contrast) is there) or たなかさんは います (Ms. Tanaka (in contrast) is there) when contrast is clearly intended.
Type
1
Locationに
Subjectが
or Subjectはわわ
あります
います
A-1:
へやに
バスルームが
ありますか。
Is there a bathroom in the room?
B-1:
バスルームは
ありません。
There isn't.
トイレは
あります。
A toilet (in contrast) is there.
A-2:
アパートに
スミスさんが
いますか。
Is Ms. Smith in her apartment?
B-2:
スミスさんは
いません。
Ms. Smith is not there.
たなかさんは
います。
Ms. Tanaka (in contrast) is there.
In Type 2 location expressions below, when B replies negatively (B-3/B-4),はわis added to に . Here, B-3/B-4 implies a contrast (the second function of the particle は)わ. B-3 says cafeteria is not on the first floor (but it may be on some other floor).
B-4 says Ms. Smith is not in her apartment (but she may be at somewhere else). Optionally, the contrastive particle は can be added in affirmative sentences as in 2かいには あります (It's on the second floor (in contrast)) or がっこうには います (Ms. Smith may be at school (in contrast)) when contrast is clearly intended.
In Dialogue 2, Kawasaki’s response おんがくですか is an example of an echo question. An echo question repeats all or part of the original question in the Xですか form (roughly, “You mean X?” or “Is that what you’re asking about?”). In conversation, echo questions are often used as a speech filler to buy time before giving an answer or to confirm what was just said. It is also common to use expressions such as わたしですか (“You mean me?” or “Are you asking me?”) as echo questions.
The particle も adds the meaning “also” or “too” to the noun it marks (e.g., “I, too, listen to jazz”). It replaces the particles が, を, and は, わbut it is added to other particles such as に, と, and で. Study how も and は わfunction in the examples below.
も and は わreplace が and を.
も and は わare added to other particles.
てんぷらが
すきです。
どようびに
いきます。
さしみも
すきです。
にちようびにも
いきます。
にくは
きらいです。
げつようびには
いきません。
たなかさんが
きます。
にほんで
します。
スミスさんも
きます。
ちゅうごくでも
します。
やまださんは
きません。
アメリカでは
しません。
こうちゃを
のみます。
12じから
あります。
コーヒーも
のみます。
1じからも
あります。
ワインは
のみません。
2じからは
ありません。
When there is no other particle (e.g., relative time expression), も (or は) is just added.
Usage examples follow. If one answers negatively (いいえ) to Xも、Yも~ (Both X and Y...) questions, it often takes the contrastive Xは~けど、Yは~ pattern as shown below.
In Japanese, when you ask a すき or きらい question using だれ (who), it can be a little tricky because the meaning changes depending on what information is missing from the sentence.
●
だれが すきですか (Who do you like?): This sentence makes sense when you are already talking about the thing you like is a person and that person is unknown.
●
だれが 田中さんが すきですか (Who likes Ms. Tanaka?): This sentence looks similar but means something very different. Someone likes Ms. Tanaka, but you don't know who. Note: Although seeing two が particles may feel strange, this structure is natural in Japanese. Both すき and きらい behave like adjectives rather than verbs.
いちばん means “number one” and is used to express the highest degree of liking. To ask a question such as “What/Who do you like the best among X?”, the following pattern is used.
List or
Category
QW
いちばん
すきです
ジャズの 中で
だれが
いちばん
すきですか。
Who do you like the most in jazz?
まついけいこが
いちばん
すきです。
I like Keiko Matsui the most.
By combining いちばん with an adjective, you can express the superlative, for example, いちばんいい (“the best”) and いちばんかんたん (“the easiest”). When talking about how often an activity is done, use よく (the adverbial く-form of いい), as in いちばんよくする as shown below.
List or
Category
QW
いちばん
Adj
スポーツの 中で
なにが
いちばん
おもしろいですか。
Among sports, which is the most fun?
テニスが
いちばん
おもしろいです。
Tennis is the most interesting.
List or
Category
QW
いちばん
よく + Verb
メールと
でんわと
ラインの
中で
どれを
いちばん
よくつかいますか。
Among email, phone and Line,
which do you use the most often?
ラインを
いちばん
よくつかいます。
I use Line the most often.
The last question above gives a list of things to choose from. The particle と is normally used to make the list.
In English, we can say “I like playing tennis more than watching tennis.” English allows verbs to function directly as objects of “like” by using “-ing” forms. Japanese works differently. In Japanese, すき behaves like an adjective, meaning “(something) is liked” or “(something) is preferred.” That means すき must describe a noun or noun phrase. So when we want to talk about liking an activity, we must first turn that activity into a “thing.” To convert a verb into a noun phrase, Japanese adds の to the plain form of a verb. For example, きく is the plain form of the verb ききます. Thus, きくの is the noun phrase (“listening”) as shown below. の cannot be added to the polite form (= ~ます form) of the verb.
●
ジャズをきく → ジャズをきくの: "listening to jazz"
*
ジャズをききます → ジャズをききますの [Ungrammatical]
To say "I like listening to jazz," we say ジャズを きくのが すきです as shown below.
Plain Verb
の
私は
ジャズ を きく
の
が
すきです。
I like listening to jazz.
There are three types of verbs in Japanese: 1. う-verbs, 2. る-verbs and 3. irregular verbs. The following are commonly-used plain forms of these verbs.
Polite Forms
Plain Forms
う-verbs
かきます
いきます
かく
いく
write
go
いそぎます
およぎます
いそぐ
およぐ
hurry
swim
はなします
だします
はなす
だす
speak
take out, submit
つくります
とります
あります
つくる
とる
ある
make
take
there is [inanimate]
つかいます
いいます
つかう
いう
use
say
まちます
もちます
まつ
もつ
wait
hold, have
のみます
よびます
しにます
のむ
よぶ
しぬ
drink
call
die
る-verbs
います
みます
たべます
いる
みる
たべる
is located [animate]
see
eat
irregular
verbs
きます
します
くる
する
come
do
Let's now learn how to form the plain forms from ~ます verb endings.
10A: う-Verbs
The ~ます form of a verb without ます is called the verb stem. Based on each verb stem, you can form a plain verb form of う-verbs as follows.
If verb stem
ends with
change
it to...
Examples
…き
く
かきます かく
write
…ぎ
ぐ
およぎます およぐ
swim
…し
す
はなします はなす
speak
…り
る
つくります つくる
make
…い
う
かいます かう
buy
…ち
つ
まちます まつ
wait
…み
む
のみます のむ
drink
…び
ぶ
よびます よぶ
call/summon
…に
ぬ
しにます しぬ
die
Here is another way to look at the same changes. Polite う-verbs use the い-row (the second row) of the hiragana chart (e.g., いいます, かきます, はなします). Plain う-verbs use the う-row (the third row). This is illustrated in the following video.
10B: る-Verbs
To form the plain form of る-verbs, simply change ~ます to ~る.
Polite
Plain
おきます
おきる
wake up
みます
みる
see/look/watch
たべます
たべる
eat
います
いる
be/stay
ねます
ねる
go to bed/lie down
10C: Irregular Verbs
There are only two irregular verbs: します and きます. The plain forms of these verbs are as follows:
The following pattern is used to ask preferences between two choices. The question word どちら (which one [of the two]) is used instead of どれ (which one [of three or more]). のほう is optional. ほう means side. Particle と must be used to list the choices. (Note that there is no "comparative" form of adjectives in Japanese.
Xと
Yと
どちら(のほう) which (side)
が
~
ジャズと
クラシックと
どちら(のほう)
が
すきですか。
Which do you like better
--- jazz or classical music?
This comparison structure can be used to talk about other things besides one's likes and dislikes as shown below. In this case, the particle が may change to other particles (を, に, で, etc.) depending on the verbs and adjectives that follow it. If the question is about the frequency/quantity of something, the adjective よく may be used to clarify the question.
Xと
Yと
どちら(のほう)
which (side)
~
ジャズと
ロックと
どちらが
おもしろいですか。
Which is more fun
---jazz or rock music?
ジャズと
ロックと
どちらを
よく ききますか。
Which do you listen to more often--- jazz or rock music?
としょかんと
うちと
どちらで
よく べんきょう
しますか。
Which place do you study more often at
--- the library or home?