In this lesson, we will introduce honorific verbs (marked by below). Honorific verbs are used to describe actions of others we respect (Someone does something graciously or respectfully). Being able to use the proper honorific language (
尊敬語 or 敬語) is seen as the rite of passage for young Japanese. If you, as a Japanese language student, can demonstrate honorific language skills well, you would command a great deal of respect.
Some commonly used verbs take special honorific forms. Note that some verbs below are marked as special う-verbs (sp). They have a special polite form (~います instead of ~ります). For your reference, humble forms (謙譲語 marked by ) are also shown below. You may have already seen some of them.
Neutral Verbs
(or Noun だ)
Honorific Forms
Humble
(FYI)
Plain
Polite
いる
(sp) いらっしゃる
いらっしゃいます
[おります]
行く
(sp)いらっしゃる
いらっしゃいます
[まいります]
来る
(sp)いらっしゃる
いらっしゃいます
[まいります]
~ている
(sp)~ていらっしゃる
~ていらっしゃいます
[~ております]
言う
(sp) おっしゃる
おっしゃいます
[もうします]
する
(sp)なさる
なさいます
[いたします]
くれる
(sp)くださる
くださいます
Not applicable
食べる
(う)めしあがる
めしあがります
[いただきます]
飲む
あげる
Different expressions are used.
[さしあげます]
もらう
Different expressions are used.
[いただきます]
知っている
(n) ごぞんじだ
ごぞんじです
[ぞんじております]
知らない
(n) ごぞんじじゃない
ごぞんじじゃありません
[ぞんじません]
Nounだ
(sp) ~でいらっしゃる
~でいらっしゃいます
Not applicable
Note that ~でいらっしゃる (or ~でいらっしゃいます) works only for people. You can say 田中さんは先生でいらっしゃいます, but never それは田中さんの車でいらっしゃいます [ungrammatical]. The correct expression is それは田中さんの車でございます.
The resultant state of knowing something is truly exceptional as shown above.
Some honorific verbs are created by embedding them in the honorific verb pattern (お+V-stem+になる) as shown below. Not all verbs work this way. Embed verbs in this form only if you have seen them used this way. A small number of verbs are exceptional (e.g., Many of these are いる, 見る, 着る, ねる and other one-syllable stem verbs).
Neutral Verbs
Honorific Forms
お
Verb
に なる
まつ
お
まち
になる
とる
お
とり
になる
書く
お
書き
になる
帰る
お
帰り
になる
使う
お
使い
になる
会う
お
会い
になる
読む
お
読み
になる
よぶ (to call/summon)
お
よび
になる
急ぐ (to hurry)
お
急ぎ
になる
Neutral Verbs
Exceptions
ねる
お
休み
になる
見る
ご
らん
になる
着る (to wear)
お
めし
になる
Neutral Forms
Business Forms
(Not honorific)
ある (is located; to have)
ございます
Nounだ
~でございます
Honorific verbs and honorific forms are used when you talk about (1) someone who is higher in social hierarchy, (2) someone who is outside of your in-group (e.g., the same company, family, groups, etc.) or (3) someone you don't know. Do not use honorific forms to describe your own actions.
あした、何時に いらっしゃいますか。(Instead of 来ますか/行きますか) What time are you coming/going tomorrow?
先生は何と おっしゃっていましたか。(Instead of 言っていましたか) What was Professor saying?
何か めしあがりませんか。(Instead of 食べますか/飲みますか) Would you like to have something?
おかださんのお父さんは ゴルフを なさっているそうです。(Instead of しているそうです) I heard that Ms. Okada's father plays golf.
先生が これを くださいました。(Instead of くれました) The teacher gave me this.
スミスさんは テレビを ごらんになっています。(Instead of 見ています) Mr. Smith is watching TV.
スミスさんにお会いになったことがありますか。(Instead of 会ったことがありますか) Have you ever met Mr. Smith?
先生はどんな料理をお作りになりますか。 What kind of food do you cook, Professor?
For on-going actions and resultant state expressions (Vている), two separate honorific forms are possible.
Vている ⇒ Vていらっしゃる conjugation
何を聞いていらっしゃるんですか。 What are you listening? 先生は本を読んでいらっしゃったそうです。I heard that the teacher was reading a book. or
Vている ⇒ お + V-stem+に なって いる conjugation 何をお聞きになっているんですか。What are you listening? 先生は本をお読みになっていたそうです。I heard that the teacher was reading a book.
Do not combine these honorific forms to describe a single activity: 何をお聞きになっていらっしゃるんですか [inappropriate].
In business context, you use honorific expressions when you talk about (1) your superior or (2) someone from a different company. Here is an example. Ms. Okada and you are colleagues who work for Company A, and Division Manager Tanaka is your boss. This is how you would talk about your own boss.
Okada: 田中部長は何時にお帰りになりますか。What time will Div. Mgr. Tanaka return?
You:(田中部長は)4時にお帰りになります。He will return at four.
Now, you are talking with Ms. Smith from Company B. This time you do NOT use the honorific form even if you are talking about your own boss.
Smith: 田中部長は何時にお帰りになりますか。What time will Div. Mgr. Tanaka return?
You: (田中は)4時に帰ります。He will return at four.
Note: In the second example, you even drop his title. You do not need to feel disrespectful toward your boss. On the contrary, it is a serious blunder to use honorific expressions to talk about the members (even your boss) of your own in-group if you are talking with an out-group member. (In-group vs. out-group distinction is more important than the internal hierarchy within the in-group.)
2
Honorific Advice/Gentle Encouragement
Honorific advice forms (お+V-stem+ください: Please V) are often used in situations when someone encourages others to do something politely for their own good. This form is often used in public announcements. If the action is encouraged because it benefits the speaker, not the person who does the action, it is considered as a request and this advice form cannot be used.
Neutral Verbs
Honorific Forms
お
Verb
下さい
やすむ,
ねる
お
やすみ
下さい
Please rest/go to bed.
書く
お
書き
下さい
Please write it down.
まつ
お
まち
下さい
Please wait.
もつ
お
もち
下さい
Please take (= carry) it.
とる
お
とり
下さい
Please take it.
はいる
お
はいり
下さい
Please enter.
帰る
お
帰り
下さい
Please go home.
つかう
お
つかい
下さい
Please use it.
会う
お
会い
下さい
Please meet [someone].
読む
お
読み
下さい
Please read it.
よぶ
お
よび
下さい
Please call/summon.
いそぐ
お
いそぎ
下さい
Please hurry.
Exceptional Honorific Forms
見る
ご
らん
下さい
Please look at it.
食べる,
飲む
お
めしあがり
下さい
Please help yourself.
着る
お
めし
下さい
Please wear it.
The following do not work because the encouraged action benefits the speaker, not the person who does the action.
すみませんが、そのドアをお開け下さい。 [ungrammatical] Could you please open the door (for me)?
Use Vていただけませんか to make such a request: ドアを開けていただけませんか。
すみませんが、そのティッシュをおとり下さい。 [ungrammatical] Could you pass me the (facial) tissue?
Use Vていただけませんか to make such a request: ティッシュをとっていただけませんか。
There are many irregularities in the お+V-stem+ください form, and not all verbs work in this way. Use them only if you hear them used in public. More examples of honorific advice follow:
電車が来ます。白線のうちがわにさがっておまち下さい。 Trains are coming. Please step back behind the white line and wait.
ご用のさいは、きいろいボタンでおしらせ下さい。 If you have any request, please let us know with the yellow button.
3
Honorific Nouns and Adjectives
Some nouns and adjectives can be made into honorific forms by using the honorific prefixes お or ご. In general, お is used for Japanese-origin words (typically with a single kanji character) and ご is used for Chinese-origin words (typically made of two kanji characters), but there are many exceptions. Words written in katakana are rarely made into honorific forms. ( The kanji 話 is usually pronounced as はな as in 話します. However, as a stand-alone noun, 話 is pronounced asはなし (or ばなし) by itself.)
お~
ご~
Nouns
お話
ご住所
お店
ご出身
お休み
ご予定
お水
ご結婚
お花
ご病気
お国
ご旅行
お飲み物
ご注文
お名前
ご紹介
お仕事
ご主人
お食事
ご相談
お料理
ご家族
お客
ご両親
お電話
ご就職
おタバコ
ご兄弟
おふろ
ご専攻
お誕生日
ご予約
おトイレ (uncommon)
おビール (uncommon)
い-Adj.
おいそがしい
おやさしい
な-Adj.
おひま
ごていねい
お元気
ごりっぱ
おしずか
ご親切
Some words are used normally in the honorific form and lost their special status as being honorific (e.g., おかね, おちゃ, ごはん, おゆ, おなか, おかし, etc.). Some nouns have special forms (e.g., 家⇒おたく, だれ⇒どなた・どちらさま, どこ⇒どちら, どう⇒いかが, etc.). Honorific nouns and adjectives are established only by the norm. Do not try to create new honorific nouns and adjectives you have never heard before.
Some N+する verbs can be made into the honorific advice form ご + N + 下さい. (Caution: Usually, the お+N+下さい combination does not work as an honorific advice. For example, お勉強下さい sounds strange. Exception: お電話下さい may be used as honorific advice.)
Honorific Noun Forms
Honorific Advice Forms
紹介 ⇒ ご紹介
紹介する ⇒ ご紹介下さい
to introduce
注意
⇒ご注意
注意する ⇒ ご注意下さい
Please watch out.
遠慮
⇒ご遠慮
遠慮する ⇒ ご遠慮下さい
Please refrain [from it].
ドアがしまります。ご注意下さい。 The doors will close. Please be careful.
おたばこは、ごえんりょ下さい。
Please refrain from smoking.
Some words have special honorific forms.
家 ⇒ おたく
だれ ⇒ どなた/どちら
どこ ⇒ どちら
どう ⇒ いかが
みんな ⇒ みなさま
人 ⇒ かた
~さん ⇒ ~さま
~人 ⇒ ~名さま(for counting people)
4
~てくれてありがとう
When you wish to thank someone for doing something for you, you must use the て-form of the giving verb くれる (give me) as in the Vて+くれてありがとう form. This form can be made more polite if you change くれて to 下さって and add ございました.
わかってくれてありがとう。 Thank you for understanding me. (Said to your friend)
ばんごはんをおごって下さって、どうもありがとうございました。 Thank you very much for treating me to dinner.
(Said to someone who is not so close or is socially ranking higher than you)
すいせんじょうを書いて下さって、ありがとうございました。 Thank you for writing me a letter of recommendation.
Note:
Without the give-me verb (くれる or 下さる), the wording is insufficient as an expression of gratitude. That is, ノートをかしてありがとう is unacceptable as an expression of gratitude.
Do not use redundant honorific forms for a single action (e.g., お書きになって下さって is redundant. Change it to 書いて下さって). Note: Honorific-Vて + くれて (e.g., お書きになってくれて) is ungrammatical.
As a special way for thanking someone for being so and so, use ~でいる as in ~でいてくれて、ありがとう.
いつもいっしょにいてくれて、ありがとう。 Thank you for always staying with me. (Said to your friend)
いつも元気でいてくれて、ありがとう。 Thank you for being healthy/cheerful (for me). (Said to your friend)
5
~てよかったです
To say I'm glad that something happened, we use a Vて+よかった (I'm glad that something happened).
To say I'm glad that something did not happen, use the negative form, Vなくて+よかった.
元気になってよかったですね。I'm glad you got well.
今日は雨がふらなくて、よかったです。I'm glad it did not rain today.
きょうかしょを読んでおいてよかった。 I'm glad I have read the textbook.
The て-forms of い-adjectives and な-adjective/noun sentences can also be used:
今日は天気がよくて、よかったですね。 I'm glad it is a sunny day today.
今日はおやすみで、よかったですね。 I'm glad it's a day off/holiday today.
Other expressions, both positive and negative, can follow the ~て form:
ともだちが来てくれて、うれしかったです。 (~て + positive evaluation) I was happy to have my friend come over.
ペットがしんで、かなしかったです。 (~て + negative evaluation) I was sad because my pet had died.
かんじがむずかしくて、こまっています。 (~て + problem statement) Kanji is difficult, so I'm in trouble.
おそくなって、ごめんね。(~て + apology) I'm sorry I'm late.
Compare the non-conditional Vてよかった with the conditional (if) statements we learned so far.
いい天気になって よかったですね。 I'm glad the we have a nice weather now.
いい天気になれば よかったですね。It would have been nice if we had a nice weather.
いい天気になれば いいですね。 I hope we will have a nice weather.
いい天気になると いいですね。 I hope we will have a nice weather.
朝ねぼうしなくて よかったですね。 I'm glad you did not oversleep.
朝ねぼうしなければ よかったですね。 It would have been nice if you didn't oversleep.
朝ねぼうしなければ いいですね。 I hope [someone] will not oversleep.
朝ねぼうしないと いいですね。 I hope [someone] will not oversleep.
6
~はずです
The sentence ending ~はずです can express a strong belief that something "is supposed or expected" to be true. It is used when you believe something is likely due to the circumstance or due to some commonsense expectations.
The plain-form sentences are required before はず (except for non-past, affirmative nouns and な-adjectives marked in red below). Note that the negation is usually placed before はず (e.g., ~ないはずです). [FYI: As a stronger form of denial, ~するはずはない (...is not supposed to ... whatsoever) is possible.]
Plain-form S
はずです
北海道の冬は寒い
おきなわの冬は寒くない
北海道の冬は寒かった
おきなわの冬は寒くなかった
はずです。
Winter in Hokkaido is supposed to be cold. Winter in Okinawa is not supposed to be cold. Winter in Hokkaido is supposed to have been cold. Winter in Okinawa is not supposed to have been cold.
学校は8時にあく
学校は8時まであかない
学校は8時にあいた
学校は8時まであかなかった
はずです。
Schools are supposed to open at 8. Schools are not supposed open until 8. Schools are supposed to have opened at 8. Schools are not supposed to have opened until 8.
田中さんは病気の
田中さんは病気じゃない
田中さんは病気だった
田中さんは病気じゃなかった
はずです。
Tanaka is supposed to be sick. Tanaka is not supposed to be sick. Tanaka is supposed to have been sick. Tanaka is not supposed to have been sick.
図書館はしずかな
りょうはしずかじゃない
図書館はしずかだった
りょうはしずかじゃなかった
はずです。
The library is supposed to be quiet. The dorm is not supposed to be quiet. The library is supposed to be have been quiet. The dorm is not supposed to have been quiet.
Since はず is used to expect that something is true, it is not usually used with the uncertainty expression でしょう.
東京まで13時間かかるから、スミスさんはまだ日本に着いていないはずです。
?東京まで13時間かかるから、スミスさんはまだ日本に着いていないはずでしょう。
The English expression be supposed to... can express rules and obligations (Something must (not)/should (not) happen). In contrast, はずですcannot express these rules and obligations:
日本では家の中でくつをぬぐはずです。[Unacceptable as the intended sense below] You are supposed to take off your shoes inside houses in Japan.
Change this to ぬがなくてはいけません.
クラスでたばこをすわないはずです。[Unacceptable as the intended sense below] You are not supposed to smoke in class.
Change this to すってはいけません.
Additional examples:
田中さんはきのうそのミーティングに出たはずです。 Mr. Tanaka is supposed to have attended the meeting yesterday [so he probably attended it].
田中さんはきのうそのミーティングに出るはずでした。 Mr. Tanaka was supposed to attend the meeting yesterday [but he didn't attend it].