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Grammar Notes 25 |
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Causative-Passive Sentences |
Causative-passive sentences use the causative-passive form of the verb, which is the passive of the causative. The causative-passive form can be derived in the following way:
(a) る-verbs: Drop the final る from the dictionary form and then add させられる.
- 食べる → 食べさせられる
- 見る → 見させられる
(b) う-verbs: う-verbs whose dictionary form ends in す: Drop the final す from the dictionary form and add させられる.
Other う-verbs: Drop the final hiragana character of the dictionary form and add the character in the 1st row within the same column in the hiragana table, and then add される. If the dictionary form ends in hiragana う, drop う, add わ, and then add される.
e.g., |
- 行く → 行かされる
- 死ぬ → 死なされる
- 帰る → 帰らされる
- およぐ → およがされる
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- 持つ → 持たされる
- 読む → 読まされる
- 言う → 言わされる
- あそぶ → あそばされる
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Since the causative-passive is the passive of the causative, the causative-passive form should technically be 行かせられる, 持たせられる, 帰らせられる, etc. for these verbs. Although these are also grammatical, shorter forms introduced above (行かされる, 持たされる, 帰らされる, etc.) are much more commonly used.
(c) Irregular verbs:
Please note that regardless of the original verb types, all causative-passive forms conjugate as the る-verb.
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Causative-Passive
(dict.) |
Causative-Passive
(ない-form) |
Causative-Passive
(た-form/て-form) |
- ねる (る-verb)
- 話す (う-verb)
- 書く (う-verb)
- 来る (irreg)
- する(irreg)
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- ねさせられる
- 話させられる
- 書かされる
or 書かせられる
- 来させられる
- させられる
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- ねさせられない
- 話させられた
- 書
かされない
or 書かせられない
- 来させられない
- させられない
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- ねさせられた/ねさせられて
- 話させられた/話せられて
- 書
かされた/書かされて
or 書かせられた/書かせられて
- 来させられた/来させられて
- させられた/させられて
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In Lesson 24, we learned that there are two types of causative, "make" causative and "let" causative. However, the "causative" element in all causative-passive sentences is always "make" causative. The structure of the causative-passive sentence is as follows:
Person 1は (or が) |
person 2 に |
direct object を + tr-V (causative-passive) |
(Cast) |
(Agent) |
(Action) |
where Cast is made to do something by Agent |
Compare this with the structures of the "make" causative sentences:
Person 1は (or が) |
person 2 に |
direct object を + tr-V (causative) |
(Agent) |
(Cast) |
(Action) |
where Agent makes Cast do something |
or
Person 1は (or が) |
person 2 を |
intr-V (causative) |
(Agent) |
(Cast) |
(Action) |
when there is no other Nを in the sentence |
or
Person 1は (or が) |
person 2 に |
intr-V (causative) |
(Agent) |
(Cast) |
(Action) |
when there is another Nを in the sentence |
- 部長はスミスさんに英語の手紙を日本語にほんやくさせました。(causative)
The division manager made Mr. Smith translate the English letter into Japanese.
- スミスさんは部長に英語の手紙を日本語にほんやくさせられました。(causative-passive)
Mr. Smith
was made to translate the English letter into Japanese by the division manager.
- 部長はミラーさんをニューヨークにしゅっちょうさせました。(causative)
The division manager made Ms. Miller go on a business trip to NY.
- ミラーさんは部長にニューヨークにしゅっちょうさせられました。(causative-passive)
Ms. Miller was made to go on a business trip to NY by the division manager.
- コーチは学生に
体育館の中を走らせました。(causative)
The coach made the students run inside the gym.
- 学生はコーチに体育館の中を走らされました。(causative-passive)
The students were made to run inside the gym by the coach.
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In Lesson 19, we learned that what happens in a hypothetical situation by using the conditional structure /pred-1たら、 pred-2/.
- あした、天気がよかったら、ハイキングに行きます。
If the weather is good tomorrow, I will go hiking.
- スーパーでりんごが安かったら、買います。
If apples are inexpensive at the supermarket, I will buy some.
- 今日、りょうがしずかじゃなかったら、図書館で勉強します。
If the dorm isn't quiet today, I will study in the library.
- やさしい漢字だったら、読めます。
If it’s an easy kanji, I can read it.
In this lesson, we will learn the /pred-1ても、pred-2/ pattern. Interpretation of this pattern differs, depending on whether or not it indicates what already occurred.
(a) When pred-2 in the /pred-1ても、pred-2/ pattern describes what has not happened yet, pred-1 is interpreted as even if.
- あした、雨が降っても、犬と散歩します。
Even if it rains tomorrow, I will walk my dog.
(Also implies 雨が降らなくても、散歩します。)
rain |
or |
shine |
- スーパーでりんごが少し高くても、買います。
Even if apples are a little expensive at the supermarket, I will buy some.
(Also implies スーパーでリンゴが安くても、買います。)
- 今日、りょうがしずかでも、図書館で勉強します。
Even if the dorm is quiet today, I will study in the library.
(Also implies 今日、りょうがしずかじゃなくても、図書館で勉強します。)
- やさしい漢字でも、読めません。
Even if it's an easy kanji, I cannot read it.
(Also implies やさしい漢字じゃなくても、読めません。)
The て-form in the /pred-1ても、pred-2/ can be a negative て-form as shown below:
- 宿題が終わっていなくても、今ばんテレビを見ます。
Even if the homework isn't done, I will watch TV tonight.
- アパートが大学に近ければ、あまり広くなくても借ります。
If the apartment is near the university, I will rent it even if it is not very spacious.
- 給料
がよければ、有名な会社じゃなくても (or 有名な会社でなくても) 働きたいです。
If the salary is good, I want to work even if it is not a famous company.
(b) When pred-2 of the /pred-1ても、pred-2/ pattern is used to describe facts (i.e., what actually happens/happened), pred-1 is interpreted as even though.
In Lesson 23, we learned /Pred-1のに、Pred-2/ pattern ("Despite Pred-1, Pred2"). The following illustrates the differences between the ても and のに patterns.
- The のに pattern can only be used for factual statements, but the ても pattern can be used for both factual and non-factual statements such as requests, desire, and inferences.
- むずかしいのに、してください。 [Ungrammatical]
- むずかしくても、してください。
Even if it is difficult, please do it.
- 十年かかるのに、日本語が上手に話せるようになりたいです。[Ungrammatical]
- 十年かかっても、日本語が上手に話せるようになりたいです。
I want to be able to speak Japanese well even if it takes 10 years.
- この宿題は今ばん、てつやするのに終わらないでしょう。[Ungrammatical]
- この宿題は今ばん、てつやしても終わらないでしょう。
Even if I stay up all night, this homework will not be finished.
- The のに pattern expresses speaker’s emotional reaction such as surprise, disbelief, dissatisfaction, and disappointment more strongly than the ても pattern.
- 勉強したのに試験ができませんでした。
Despite I studied, I couldn't do well on the exam. (Such a shock!)
- 勉強しても試験ができませんでした。
Even though I studied, I couldn't do well on the exam. (Oh well)
- The ても pattern can refer to two (or more) possibilities while the のに pattern cannot.
- The ても pattern can be used with question words, but this is not possible with the のに pattern as shown below.
- うちの犬は子供が何をしてもおこりません。(のに cannot be used here.)
My dog will not become angry no matter what the kids do (to him).
- だれに聞いても、教えてくれませんでした。(のに cannot be used here.)
No matter who I asked, no one told me.
- あの店はいつ行っても、こんでいます。 (のに cannot be used here.)
No matter when I go, that store is crowded.
- どちらでも同じです。(のに cannot be used here.)
Either way, it makes no difference.
- A: 晩ご飯、何がいい? What do you like for dinner?
B: 何でもいいよ。 Anything will do.
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The /Pred (plain non-past) + ことにする/ indicates that the subject decides to do (or not to do) something. Both plain affirmative and negative predicates may appear before ことにする.
- 少しふとったので、ダイエットをすることにしました。
I got a little fat, so I decided to go on a diet.
- 体に悪いから、たばこをすわないことにしました。
Since it is bad for my health, I decided not to smoke.
The /Pred. (plain non-past) + ことにしている/ means that you made a decision to do or not to do something and you have stuck to that decision. This structure is often used to express a habitual practice.
- 毎日、一時間漢字を練習することにしています。
I have decided to study kanji for one hour every day and have followed it.
- ふとりたくないから、夜おそくおかしを食べないことにしています。
Since I don’t want to get fat, I have made it a rule not to eat snacks late at night.
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方
is a suffix which can be attached to the stem of a verb to form a noun. The /V (stem) + 方/ pattern means "how to do something" or "the way in which some action is performed."
- 泳ぐ → 泳ぎ方
(how to swim; the way one swims)
- 読む → 読み方 (how to read; the way one reads)
方 can be attached to a nominal verbs (i.e., Nする) to form a new noun: /N + の +
仕方/.
- 勉強する → 勉強の仕方 (how to study; the way one studies)
- 料理する → 料理の仕方 (how to cook)
The direct object is marked by の rather than を before /tr-V (stem) + の/.
- 漢字を読む → 漢字の読み方
(how to read the kanji)
- 着物を着る → 着物の着方
(how to wear kimono)
- 日本語を勉強する → 日本語の勉強の仕方 (how to study Japanese)
Among the particles of goal or destination of movement, へ or に or まで, に cannot be used in this pattern.
- 空港
に行く・空港へ行く → 空港への行き方 ( 空港にの行き方 is ungrammatical.)
- 空港まで行く → 空港までの行き方
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We learned that /time まで/ expresses the continuation of activities or states "all the way until [the time]." We also learned that /time までに/ indicates the occurrence(s) of events before the time (i.e., "by [the time]").
- 今日は午後十時まで図書館で勉強するつもりです。
I intend to study in the library until 10:00pm today.
- 明日の朝までに経済学のレポートを書かなければなりません。
I
must write the economics term paper by tomorrow morning.
We can also use verbs before まで or までに. The /V-dict + まで + pred/ pattern means that something lasts until the event (V) takes place.
- 日本語が上手に話せるようになるまでアメリカには帰りたくありません。
I don’t want to go back to the U.S. until I become able to speak Japanese well.
- 友だちが来るまで
喫茶店でコーヒーを飲みながら待ちました。
I waited in the coffee shop, drinking coffee until my friend comes.
Similarly, the /V-dict + までに+ pred/ pattern means that something occurs sometime before the event (V) takes place.
- 友だちが来るまでに部屋をかたづけます。
I will tidy up my room by the time my friend comes.
- アメリカに着くまでに
飛行機の中でその本を読んでしまいました。
By the time I arrived in the US, I finished reading the book.
The use of a past-tense verb in these patterns are all ungrammatical even if the sentences refer to past events.
- 友だちの授業が終わったまで図書館で本を読んでいました。[Ungrammatical]
友だちの授業が終わるまで図書館で本を読んでいました。
I was reading a book in the library until my friend’s class ended.
- 家に帰ったまでに宿題を全部してしまいました。[Ungrammatical]
家に帰るまでに宿題を全部してしまいました。
I finished all homework by the time I went back home.
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